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Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) are synthetically produced substances with specific pharmacological and industrial applications. Both belong to the group of Narcotics and are known for their strong psychoactive effects. While GHB is usually available as a salt in powder or liquid form, GBL is consumed as a colorless liquid, often after dilution. Despite their different forms, the two substances are closely related, as GBL is converted to GHB in the body. This article looks at their properties, effects, risks and other important aspects.

Understanding GHB and GBL

Chemical properties and uses

• GHBA pharmacologically active substance that was historically used in medicine as an anesthetic and is used today for certain diseases such as narcolepsy.
• GBLAn industrial solvent that is biologically inactive but has similar effects in the body after conversion to GHB.

Leisure consumption and street names

Both substances are known by different street names, including Liquid Ecstasy, Gina, Fantasy and G. Users value them for their euphoric and relaxing effects. At the same time, they pose considerable risks, particularly the danger of overdose and serious toxic effects.

Mechanisms of action

Influence on neurotransmitters

The effect of GHB and GBL is based on their interaction with GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptorswhich act as the most important inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA regulates, among other things:

• Sleep-wake rhythms
• Memory and thought processes
• Growth hormones

Dose-dependent effects

The effects depend heavily on the dose:

• Low to medium dosesEuphoria, relaxation, disinhibition, more intense perception, increased talkativeness.
• High dosesDrowsiness, severe dizziness, nausea and even unconsciousness and a coma-like state.

Dangerous mixed consumption effects

Taking GHB/GBL at the same time as other sedatives such as alcohol significantly increases the risk of life-threatening complications.

Consequences of consuming GHB and GBL

Acute effects

• Positive effects: Relaxation, better mood, increased sociability.
• Negative effects: Nausea, loss of reflexes, dizziness, memory lapses.
• Severe cases: Breathing problems, cardiac arrhythmia, uncontrollable muscle twitching.

Long-term risks

• Regular consumption can lead to tolerance and dependence.
• Repeated overdoses increase the risk of permanent cognitive impairment.
• Abrupt discontinuation after prolonged use can trigger severe withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, insomnia and delirium.

Dependence and withdrawal

Development of dependency

Although occasional use rarely leads to dependence, regular use, especially in high doses, can quickly lead to psychological and physical dependence.

Symptoms of withdrawal

• Trembling
• Insomnia
• Fast heartbeat
• States of anxiety
• In severe cases: Delirium with profuse sweating and drop in blood pressure.

Harm reduction and prevention

Safe handling

• Always dilute GBL before consuming it.
• Avoid mixed consumption with alcohol.
• Consumption only in the presence of trustworthy persons.

Prevention

Awareness campaigns aim to prevent people from starting to use substances and to promote responsible use.

Legal and medical aspects

Regulations in Switzerland

GHB and GBL are not permitted under the Narcotics Act (BetmG) regulated. GBL is exempt in industrial applications, but personal use is subject to strict regulations.

Medical use

Today, GHB is used therapeutically for narcolepsy. Research is continuing to examine possible areas of application.

Conclusion

GHB and GBL are substances with a high potential for abuse and danger. Their conscious and responsible use, coupled with comprehensive education, is crucial to minimize the risks. Access to professional help can help those affected and their relatives to cope with the consequences of consumption.

FAQs on GHB and GBL

1. are GHB and GBL the same?

No, GBL is converted to GHB in the body. While GHB is active, GBL remains inactive without conversion.

2. is occasional use safe?

No, even occasional consumption can lead to overdoses or dangerous side effects.

3. how do I recognize an overdose?

Symptoms include unconsciousness, shortness of breath and severe disorientation. In such cases, call the emergency services immediately.

4. can GHB/GBL be detected in drug tests?

Yes, but specialized tests are required because the detection windows are short.

5 What to do in an emergency?

Emergency numbers:

• 144: Medical service
• 145: Poisoning emergency call

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